Chapter 12: Motivation and Work
Key Terms
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Key People
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Motivation is a need or desire that energizes and directs behavior. This chapter expands on this idea. We are driven to do things by homeostasis,a tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state, and by incentives, a positive or negative environmental stimulus that motivates behavior. Abraham Maslow described there priorities as a hierarchy of needs. This diagram is shown in the picture above. Only if the needs f the level are met are we prompted to meet the needs of the next level. The last level is a self actualization which is to live up to one's potential.
One of the most common psychological need and motivation is hunger. The body's resting rate of energy expenditure is the basal metabolic rate. Over the years psychologist have discovered that psychological influences on eating behaviors are evident when a motive for abnormal thinness overwhelms normal homeostatic pressures. One eating disorder is anorexia nervosa, this occurs when a normal person starts dieting and becomes significantly underweight, yet, still continues to stave themselves. The next eating disorder is bulimia nervosa, this is characterized by episodes of overeating followed by vomiting, laxative use, fasting, or excessive exercise. Cultural pressures, low self esteem, and negative emotions along with a stressful life tend to produce these disorders.
Sex is a part of life. If people didn't have sex, all of us wouldn't be around. Therefore, sex is a key motivation. It is one of the needs in the hierarchy of needs. The sexual response cycle is made up of four stages. Excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution. This was described by Masters and Johnson. The woman's sex hormone is called estrogen. Estrogen levels peak during ovulation, promoting sexual receptivity. The male's sex hormone is testosterone. Both males and females have it, but the additional testosterone in males stimulates the growth of the male sex organs in the fetus and the development of the male sex characteristics during puberty.
The need to belong boosted our ancestors chances to survive. This need appears when people seek social acceptance and work to maintain relationships and the joy of love. People who are ostracized suffer from stress and depression. When people are socially secure, they tend to be healthier and to have lower levels of depression, suicide, and early death. But when socially excluded, they may engage in self defeating behaviors or in antisocial behaviors.
Motivations at Work. "The healthy life is filled by love and by work" said Sigmund Freud. Industrial organizational psychology is the application of psychological concepts and methods to optimizing human behavior in workplaces. Personnel psychology is a subfield of I/O psychology that focuses on employee recruitment,selection, placement,training,appraisal, and development. Organizational psychology is also a subfield of I/O psychology that examines organizational influences on worker satisfaction and productivity and facilitates organizational change.
One of the most common psychological need and motivation is hunger. The body's resting rate of energy expenditure is the basal metabolic rate. Over the years psychologist have discovered that psychological influences on eating behaviors are evident when a motive for abnormal thinness overwhelms normal homeostatic pressures. One eating disorder is anorexia nervosa, this occurs when a normal person starts dieting and becomes significantly underweight, yet, still continues to stave themselves. The next eating disorder is bulimia nervosa, this is characterized by episodes of overeating followed by vomiting, laxative use, fasting, or excessive exercise. Cultural pressures, low self esteem, and negative emotions along with a stressful life tend to produce these disorders.
Sex is a part of life. If people didn't have sex, all of us wouldn't be around. Therefore, sex is a key motivation. It is one of the needs in the hierarchy of needs. The sexual response cycle is made up of four stages. Excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution. This was described by Masters and Johnson. The woman's sex hormone is called estrogen. Estrogen levels peak during ovulation, promoting sexual receptivity. The male's sex hormone is testosterone. Both males and females have it, but the additional testosterone in males stimulates the growth of the male sex organs in the fetus and the development of the male sex characteristics during puberty.
The need to belong boosted our ancestors chances to survive. This need appears when people seek social acceptance and work to maintain relationships and the joy of love. People who are ostracized suffer from stress and depression. When people are socially secure, they tend to be healthier and to have lower levels of depression, suicide, and early death. But when socially excluded, they may engage in self defeating behaviors or in antisocial behaviors.
Motivations at Work. "The healthy life is filled by love and by work" said Sigmund Freud. Industrial organizational psychology is the application of psychological concepts and methods to optimizing human behavior in workplaces. Personnel psychology is a subfield of I/O psychology that focuses on employee recruitment,selection, placement,training,appraisal, and development. Organizational psychology is also a subfield of I/O psychology that examines organizational influences on worker satisfaction and productivity and facilitates organizational change.